e-Book+My+Story+of+the+World

**--Mr. B.**
 * Missing:** **Ren. and Ref. mini-chapter**

**Five errors highlighted. Grade is 90. Go for 100!**

**1/3/12** **Now only two errors for a grade of 96. See yellow highlighting.**

Middle Ages took place from A.D. 500 to the 1400s. Charles Martel was very famous during this time. Charles Martel was a Frankish war leader. Martel’s grandson was “Charles the Great” or Charlemagne, and he was known for being the greatest Frank leader. Charles spread Roman Christianity all throughout France, and lands in Italy and Germany. He conquered kingdoms in the southwestern lands of what is now modern-day France, Italy, and Germany. Charles had the greatest achievement, conquering a lot of land.

Feudalism is a system developed to keep peace throughout Europe. It started around 800. It helped control their land and keep everyone loyal to each other. Other than feudalism, they had special groups called fiefs. These fiefs were divided by what lord owned what land, and who his vassals and nobles were. A vassal was a person who took an oath of loyalty to their lord. A lord is a king of a certain area. A fief is a land a kind or another powerful being would give to a noble. After becoming a vassal, the fief would hold something called, “The Oath Of Fealty.” The oath of fealty is a solemn ceremony. The Code Chivalry was the code of honor knights followed. Knights were nobles who would fight for a king or powerful land owner in the feudal system. Knights had to be a good Christian and defend the churches; they had to know music and poetry, have good manners, and defend their people. Then, in the social triangle, there were serfs. Serfs were peasants who worked on a noble land called a manor. A manor was a settlement that belonged to a lord. It usually had a church. [No, What else was on the manor?] It also had seperate villages for the surfs to live in. At the same time of Charlemagne’s death, Vikings were trying to take over Europe. Vikings were northern raiders and explorers who came from Demark. They were best known for plundering villages and churches. When this was happening, the Duke, William crossed the English Channel with 5,000 knights. He defeated Harold, the Saxon king, at Hasting. He became known as William the Conquer. He established a strong government and brought French culture to the island. Just as vassals had to obey their lord, lords had to show respect to their vassals. One example of this was King John’s attitude towards his vassals. King John was the king of England in 1215. He was forced by his vassals to sign the Magna Carta because it stated kings could not violate the rights of free men and women. Once he signed it he could not take away rights of the vassals working for him. The Magna Carta also stated kings could not violate the rights of free vassals by setting unfair taxes and making unfair demands of goods or labor.

The primary religion was Roman Catholic. Monks were an example of Roman Catholic people. Monks were people who obeyed the rules of the head monk. In general, monks dedicated their lives to their religion or to God. Monasteries were communities where monks lived and dedicated their lives to God. Monks wrote books of poetry, prayer, and old Greek and Roman text, called manuscripts. The room they made copies in was the scriptorium. There were also Nuns. Nuns were women who serve God. Convents are places where they live and serve God. Monks and nuns prayed in a cathedral. A cathedral was a Christian church. The role it served was to educate people about the Christian religion. They were allowed to speak freely about their God and learn about him as they wished. A few years later, the Crusades started. The crusades were a series of wars. They fought over the “Holy Land.” They battled with the Muslims. Then the Reconquista happened. It was a long war fought by Christian armies to recapture Spain from the Muslims.

In the Middle Ages, there were merchants and craftsmen. Merchants sold and traded goods when they traveled. Craftsmen such as trailers, shoemakers, drapers, bakers, locksmiths, painters, stonemasons, and master builders helped out their towns by crafting and fixing stuff. The apprentices usually helped them. An apprentice was a person who works without pay. They were expected to obey and do whatever the master said to do. Next, they became journeyman craftsman. A journeyman craftsman is a craftsman who went in their travels to get to know each town, their customs and their ways of work. They would then pick a town they liked the best to settle down and work in. Apprentices and journeyman both had to work without pay and they weren’t master craftsman. You had to demonstrate your skills by creating a masterpiece (such as a coat) and only then were you a master craftsman and admitted into the guild. The guilds are groups or associations where craftsman worked. The goals of these guilds were to get the best craftsman by setting strict rules and commands and making it harder to enter. You had to prove yourself to the leaders of the guild you wanted to join. Pretty soon, The Black Death surfaced. The Black Death was a plague; a disease that spreads like wildfire. It first happened in Europe in 1348 and lasted for 130 years. The cause of the Black Death was the bacterium that was spread by fleas and rats. It wiped out one third of the western population.



1/9/12 Alyssa: **Grade is now 88. Five errors and some writing "problems" to fix. Go for 100.** 1, "is" should be changed to "means." 2. 'the" should be changed to "The." 3. 'renaissance" change to Renaissance. 4. "otther" fix spelling. 5. Michaelangelo and Leonard were not patrons. What were they? 6. "Leo new"???! Change to "Leonardo knew...." 7. The indulgence was sold in letter form.You paid and you got a note or a letter saying that your sins were forgiven. 8. Who invented the printing press? 9. Delete the words "[Delete this sentence.]" Add a sentence that says who formed the Anglican Church and why he did so. Mr. Baskin on 1/9/12

Background
== The French word of renaitre means rebirth. The word pertains to the Renaissance. The Renaissance approximate dates were 1350s to the 1600s. It was a period in time when people were highly interested in classical Greece and ancient Rome. Florence had many workshops that made high quality woolen cloth and other goods. Traders from Florence also brought spices and silks to Europe from Asia and Africa. One of the wealthiest families in Florence was the Medici. It gained wealth through banking and trade. The most famous member of the family was Lorenzo Medici. Humanism is the concern for human interests and values. Believers emphasize (value) the rights that otther humans have. ==

=Art and Artists= =**//A patron is a person who supports the arts. (Plays, writing, etc.) Patrons would often flood Florence in search of plays to see or paintings to buy. Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci are two examples of artists. Leonardo da Vinci was a painter who lived from 1452 to 1519. Leonardo created paintings such as the Mona Lisa. Other than painting, he enjoyed engineering, music, and the world around him, which he often sketched. His patron was Lorenzo Medici. Michelangelo was an artist who lived from 1475 to 1564. He painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, with scenes from the Bible. He also sculpted// David, //a Biblical hero that appeared to be Greek or Roman. He also likes architecture. Michelangelo and leonardo knew the three-dimension technique. The three dimensional perspective is a technique used in art. This technique, when used, seems to create three dimensions on the flat surface of a painting. This technique made paintings by Renaissance artists look more realistic than paintings by the artists in the Middle Ages.//** =

Protestant Reformation
Reform means to change for the better an improvement. The Reformation was a movement to reform the Church in Europe. They were called Protestants because they protested against the Church of Rome. The Protestants thought the pope was being greedy. Luther did not plan to begin a new church. He simply wanted to reform the Roman Catholic Church. [ Who was selling indulgences?] An indulgence is a pardon, or forgiveness of sins, and sold it by the Church. He invented movable type. Instead of having to carve an entire page of a book, printers could reuse letters to form new words page by page.

__Reformation and Renaissance in England __

 [Delete this sentence .] The name of the Church was called Anglican Church. Henry wanted to divorce the queen, but the pope refused. The king took over the English church and called it the Anglican Church. Elizabeth of England was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anna Boleyn. Provide details about his writing. William Shakespeare was born in 1564. He was an actor, a poet, and a play wright. his works showed a deep understanding for human thoughts and feelings. by the time he died in 1616, he had writen 37 plays and 154 peoms in all.